| Basic data |
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| OCA1. Surname awarded to the assessed person | Petrilla |
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| OCA2. Name awarded to the assessed person | Vladimír |
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| OCA3. Degrees awarded to the assessed person | Assoc. prof. , DVM, PhD |
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| OCA4. Hyperlink to the entry of the person in the Register of university staff | https://www.portalvs.sk/regzam/detail/23878 |
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| OCA5. Area of assessment | study programme man-animal relationship and its use in canistherapy and hipotherapy · I. degree |
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| OCA6. Category of the research/artistic/other output | scientific output |
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| OCA7. Year of publication of the research/artistic/other output | 2021 |
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| OCA8. ID of the record in the Central Registry of Publication Activity (CRPA) or the Central Registry of Artistic Activity (CRAA) | ID = 247812 |
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| OCA9. Hyperlink to the record in CRPA or CRAA | https://app.crepc.sk/?fn=detailBiblioForm&sid=C600BE0451BEFBF520F9D8FDA2 |
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| Characteristics of the output that is not registered in CRPA or CRAA |
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| OCA10. Hyperlink to the record in another publicly accessible register, catalogue of research/ artistic/other outputs | https://arl4.library.sk/arl-uvlk/sk/detail-uvlk_un_cat-0037014-Spitting-cobras-Experimental-assay-employing-the-model-of-chicken-embryo-and-the-chick-chorioallant/?disprec=1&iset=5 |
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| OCA11. Characteristics of the output in the format of the CRPA or the CRAA bibliographic record, if the output is not available in a publicly accessible register or catalogue of outputs | POLLÁKOVÁ, Magdaléna - PETRILLA, Vladimír - ANDREJČÁKOVÁ, Zuzana - PETRILLOVÁ, Monika - SOPKOVÁ, Drahomíra - PETROVOVÁ, Eva. Spitting cobras: Experimental assay employing the model of chicken embryo and the chick chorioallantoic membrane for imaging and evaluation of effects of venom from African and Asian species (Naja ashei, Naja nigricollis, Naja siamensis, Naja sumatrana). In Toxicon. ISSN 0041-0101, 2021, vol. 189, no., p. 79-90. (2021: 3.035 - IF, 2.874 - IF 5y, 133 - H-index, 0.497 - SJR, Q3 - SJR Best Q, Q3 - JCR Best Q). (2021 - Current Contents) |
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| OCA12. Type of the output (if the output is not registered in CRPA or CRAA) | article |
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| OCA13. Hyperlink to the webpage where the output is available (full text, other documentation, etc.) | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0041010120304359 |
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| OCA14. Characteristics of the author's contribution | Comprehensive preparation and management of the experiment, including the collection of snake venoms, the execution of toxicological and biochemical analyses on animal models in vivo. |
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| OCA15. Annotation of the output with contextual information concerning the description of creative process and the content of the research/artistic/other activity, etc. | Among venomous snakes, “spitting” cobras (family Elapidae) possess a specialized proteroglyphous venom system that enables them to eject venom as aerosolized particles. While the venom is harmless on intact skin, ocular exposure can cause severe inflammation (ophthalmia) and temporary or potentially permanent blindness without prompt treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the vasoactive and embryotoxic effects of crude venoms from four spitting cobra species: African species Naja ashei and Naja nigricollis, and Asian species Naja siamensis and Naja sumatrana. Vasoactive effects were assessed using the Hen’s Egg Test–Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM), while embryotoxicity was evaluated using the Chick Embryotoxicity Screening Test (CHEST). Statistical analysis was applied to the obtained data. Results showed that all tested venoms rapidly induced vascular damage in the chorioallantoic membrane. The highest embryonic mortality was observed following exposure to Naja nigricollis venom. The findings provide detailed insight into venom-induced microvascular and embryonic alterations. The study also highlights the usefulness of chicken embryos and the chorioallantoic membrane as alternative experimental models in toxicological research, supporting the principles of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) in animal experimentation. |
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| Other data |
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| OCA16. Annotation of the output in English | Among venomous snakes, “spitting” cobras (family Elapidae) possess a specialized proteroglyphous venom system that enables them to eject venom as aerosolized particles. While the venom is harmless on intact skin, ocular exposure can cause severe inflammation (ophthalmia) and temporary or potentially permanent blindness without prompt treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the vasoactive and embryotoxic effects of crude venoms from four spitting cobra species: African species Naja ashei and Naja nigricollis, and Asian species Naja siamensis and Naja sumatrana. Vasoactive effects were assessed using the Hen’s Egg Test–Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM), while embryotoxicity was evaluated using the Chick Embryotoxicity Screening Test (CHEST). Statistical analysis was applied to the obtained data. Results showed that all tested venoms rapidly induced vascular damage in the chorioallantoic membrane. The highest embryonic mortality was observed following exposure to Naja nigricollis venom. The findings provide detailed insight into venom-induced microvascular and embryonic alterations. The study also highlights the usefulness of chicken embryos and the chorioallantoic membrane as alternative experimental models in toxicological research, supporting the principles of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) in animal experimentation. |
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| OCA17. List of maximum 5 most significant citations corresponding to the output | FRAGUAS-SANCHEZ, Ana Isabel - MARTIN-SABROSO, Cristina - TORRES-SUAREZ, Ana Isabel. The Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane Model: A Research Approach for Ex Vivo and In Vivo Experiments. In CURRENT MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, 2022, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 1702-1717. ISSN 0929-8673. Dostupné na: https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666210625105438., WOS
ZHANG, Zehan - YANG, Jieyi - FANG, Jing - ZHANG, Jiasheng - ZENG, Liangbo - LI, Jianjing. Case Report: Snake Venom Ophthalmia Caused by Cobra Exposure: A Report of 26 Cases. In American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2023-01-01, 109, 6, pp. 1393-1396. ISSN 00029637. Dostupné na: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.23-0374., SCOPUS
BHATTACHARYA, Sankha - SHINDE, Ranajit Nivrutti - BELDAR, Vishal - KHAN, Rehan. Study of caspase-6 activity in aggressive HCT116 cells using methotrexate-encapsulated lactoferrin-conjugated solid lipid nanoparticles via in silico and in vitro approaches. In Scientific Reports, 2025-12-01, 15, 1, pp. Dostupné na: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08089-w., SCOPUS
SASOVSKY, Daniela J. - OLEA, Gabriela B. - OJEDA, Gonzalo - CESARIO, Angelica M. - GONZALEZ, Franco J. - LOMONTE, Bruno - LOMBARDO, Daniel - BUSTILLO, Soledad. Exploring the antiangiogenic effects of Phospholipase A2 from Bothrops diporus venom. In CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH, 2025, vol. 402, no. 2, pp. 189-199. ISSN 0302-766X. Dostupné na: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-025-04008-7., Scopus, WOS |
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| OCA18. Characteristics of the output's impact on socio-economic practice | In medical practice, it contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of “spitting” cobra venoms, especially their effects on the vascular system and embryonic development. These findings may improve the diagnosis and treatment of envenomation, including faster recognition of the severity of ocular and systemic complications following venom exposure. In toxicological research, the results support the use of standardized models (HET-CAM and CHEST) for rapid and reproducible toxicity assessment. This can reduce the need for testing on higher animal models, thereby lowering research costs while increasing ethical acceptability. From an economic perspective, the research may contribute to more efficient development of antivenoms and therapeutic strategies, potentially reducing healthcare costs associated with snakebite envenomation, particularly in regions where these snakes are prevalent. At the same time, the study supports the implementation of the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement), which are essential for modern research within the European Union and globally. The use of chicken embryos as an alternative model can streamline toxicological testing and promote the development of innovative, ethically acceptable methods in biological research. |
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| OCA19. Characteristics of the output and related activities' impact on the educational process | The output and related research activities have a significant impact on the educational process, particularly in biology, medicine, toxicology, and veterinary sciences. First, they provide students with a real-world example of the application of theoretical knowledge about venomous animals, vascular physiology, and embryonic development. The case of “spitting” cobras enables a better understanding of venom action mechanisms and their clinical consequences, strengthening the link between theory and practice. The use of experimental models such as HET-CAM and CHEST also familiarizes students with modern alternative toxicity testing methods. This supports the development of practical skills in experimental design, statistical data analysis, and result interpretation, while simultaneously emphasizing ethical aspects of research in line with the 3Rs principles. The educational benefit also lies in fostering critical thinking, as students analyze biological processes at the microscopic level and evaluate complex interactions between toxins and living systems. Furthermore, the output promotes interdisciplinary education by integrating zoology, embryology, toxicology, and bioethics. This contributes to more modern, practice-oriented, and ethically aware education in natural and medical sciences. |
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